What Is a pH Indicator Definition and Examples

A pH indicator or acid-base indicator is a compound that changes color in solution over a narrow range of pH values. Only a small amount of indicator compound is needed to produce a visible color change. When used as a dilute solution, a pH indicator does not have a significant impact on the acidity or alkalinity of a chemical solution. The principle behind the function of an indicator is that it reacts with water to form the  hydrogen cation H or hydronium ion H3O. The reaction changes the color of the indicator molecule. Some indicators change from one color to another, while others change between colored and colorless states. pH indicators are usually weak acids or weak bases. Many of these molecules occur naturally. For example, the anthocyanins found in flowers, fruits, and vegetables are pH indicators. Plants containing these molecules include red cabbage leaves, rose petal flowers, blueberries, rhubarb stems, hydrangea flowers, and poppy flowers. Litmus is a natural pH indicator derived from a mixture of lichens. For a weak acid with formula HIn, the equilibrium chemical equation would be: HIn (aq) H2O (l) ⇆ H3O (aq) In- (aq) At a low pH, the concentration of the hydronium ion is high and the equilibrium position lies to the left. The solution has the color of the indicator HIn. At a high pH, the concentration of hydronium is low, the equilibrium is to the right, and the solution has the color of the conjugate base In-. In addition to pH indicators, there are two other types of indicators used in chemistry. Redox indicators are used in titrations involving oxidation and reduction reactions. Complexometric indicators are used to quantify metal cations. Examples of pH Indicators Methyl red is a pH indicator used to identify pH values between 4.4 and 6.2. At low pH (4.4 and lower) the indicator solution is red. At high pH (6.2 and above) the color is yellow. Between pH 4.4 and 6.2, the indicator solution is orange.Bromocresol green is a pH indicator used to identify pH values between 3.8 and 5.4. Below pH 3.8 the indicator solution is yellow. Above pH 5.4 the solution is blue. Between pH values of 3.8 and 5.4, the indicator solution is green. Universal Indicator Because indicators change colors over different pH ranges, they may sometimes be combined to offer color changes over a wider pH range. For example, universal indicator contains thymol blue, methyl red, bromothymol blue, thymol blue, and phenolphthalein. It covers a pH range from less than 3 (red) to greater than 11 (violet). Intermediate colors include orange/yellow (pH 3 to 6), green (pH 7 or neutral), and blue (pH 8 to 11). GUSTOIMAGES/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/Getty Images Uses of pH Indicators pH indicators are used to give a rough value of pH of a chemical solution. For precise measurements, a pH meter is used. Alternatively, absorbance spectroscopy may be used with a pH indicator to calculate the pH using Beers law. Spectroscopic pH measurements using a single acid-base indicator are accurate to within one pKa value. Combining two or more indicators increases the accuracy of the measurement. Indicators are used in a titration to show the completion of an acid-base reaction.

Ecological Imperialism by Alfred W. Crosby - 1117 Words

In the book Ecological Imperialism: The Biological expansion of Europe, 900-1900 the author, Alfred W. Crosby, answers many questions about the history of European expansion. It is a well written and thought out book with great analogies and detailed information that help the reader understand what exactly Crosby is trying to say. He starts off his book by explaining what the Neo-Europes are. They are a population who settled in the temperate zones and are mainly European descents. The questions he is attempting to explain is why there is a substantial mass of Europeans in these different lands which were so far-flung from Europe. The European emigrants have scattered among many lands in the world, and have become the leading ethnic group in most regions outside of Europe. In addition, Crosby reflects on how the Neo-Europes were able to provide vast food excess. His most important question though, is if European humans have triumphed because of their superiority in arms, organizatio n and fanaticism... or Perhaps the success of European imperialism has a biological, an ecological, component.(p.7) Further in the book Crosby explains his questions to the readers. First and foremost, the history of the stone age is important. The first humans created stepping stones to create a different future that is today. Looking back in history there were massively giant creatures that we couldnt even imagine roaming the earth today. Dating back to the stone age they succeededShow MoreRelatedEcological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe Essay846 Words   |  4 PagesEcological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900, by ecological historian Alfred W. Crosby explores how â€Å"portmanteau biota†, helped Europeans to eradicate whole societies in the Neo-Europes (xv, 89). Crosby believes that temperate zones, climates similar to that of Europe, allowed European biota to thrive, which allowed for European expansion. Crosby discusses the Nor se invasions and the Crusades as examples of how Europeans were not able to expand. Crosby claims that climateRead MoreNature Responsible For Success Of Europe s Expansion1987 Words   |  8 Pagesplaces around the world that are not Europe. The author of Ecological Imperialism: the Biological Expansion of Europe, Alfred W. Crosby, makes this question the main point in his book and thoroughly addresses his viewpoint as the answer. The places these people live are what Crosby likes to call, the Neo-Europes, â€Å"lands thousands of kilometers from Europe and from each other† but are lands that are conquered by the Europeans (Crosby 2). Crosby believes that the reason the Europeans were able to succeedRead More The Impact of European Diseases in the New World Essay1987 Words   |  8 Pagesable to combat these new afflictions because they were new to their systems. Small pox, whooping cough, chicken pox, scarlet fever, influenza and many more had long been around in Europe an d the colonists had developed resistance to most of them. (Crosby, 198) When a disease has existed in a community for years, the members of said community develop a natural, inherited defense after some generations. After initial entrance, the disease runs through the population and the more susceptible individualsRead More Disease and Native American Demise During the European Conquest of the New World3721 Words   |  15 Pagesadulthood were immune because of this. When smallpox is contracted during childhood one either fights it off or dies. Statistics show eighty percent of smallpox victims were under ten years of age, and seventy percent were under two years of age (Crosby, 1986). Smallpox was truly a childhood disease. Small pox was not the only infectious disease to invade Europe. Measles, diphtheria, wooping cough, chicken pox, malaria, typhoid fever, yellow fever, scarlet fever, and influenza also struck EuropeRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Liv es and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesthe planetary environment. From multinational corporations to impoverished peasants burning away the rain forest for land to plant their crops or pasture their cattle, he seeks to identify the specific agents responsible for both pollution and ecological degradation. And he tracks underlying trends and factors—such as rapid population growth, rampant consumerism, and global warfare—that have contributed to global climate change. Tucker concludes his rather pessimistic assessment of these key

Citizen’s Gas Company Analysis

Questions: 1. Discuss the criteria to consider in specifying the structure and features of CGCs new system. 2. Identify the data that should be incorporated into CGCs new system to provide adequate planning capability. Explain why each data item it is important and the level of detail needed for the data to be useful. Answers: 1.1 Introduction The report seeks to provide more insight to the case study about Citizens Gas Company. It analyses the market factors that result in the demand for the companys products. It is prudent to employ the most efficient strategies that will strengthen the market share of the enterprise. Most importantly, the company should focus on increasing its customer base and embracing customer loyalty. That will result in an increase in sales that replicates to the growth in profitability. Additionally, the company should structure the market demands in such a way that will promote the success of every department within the organization. The purpose of the report is to answer two questions that relate to the performance and structure of the organization. 1.2 Criteria in specifying the structure and features of CGSs new system The implementation of a new regime may be a daunting experience. All the stakeholders should come together and help in the design, analysis, as well as the implementation of the project. In most organizations, the cost of the system development outweigh the hardware costs thus calls for maximum attention to avoid the creation and duplication of errors. That will ensure that the system meets its specification and takes into account the least resources during its implementation (Cowell 2006). The specification of the structure and the features of the system encompass various consideration as outlined below. 1.2.1 Need for accuracy Errors remain the most common aspect of system design and implementation. It increases the scope of the project and leads to the use of more resources that could help in structuring and improving the efficiency of the system. The method should be accurate to adjust the level of details, quality of the data input as well as the sophistication of the system logic. The system should function according to the specifications outlined during the requirement elicitation process. That will improve its operation and effectiveness. It is paramount to be careful during the process to ensure that design matches the needs of the organization. The team should not spend excessive effort when creating the system as well as specifying the structure and features of CGSs system. 1.2.2 Need for market information The market presents some forces that dictate the performance of any system in the market. The management should ensure that they understand the specific requirements of the market as well as that of the organization before specifying the new regime. That will make sure that the system performs the intended function and benefits the team. It should also encompass the stakeholders requirements and desires. That helps to produce the best output that will benefit both the society as well as the members of the team. It is paramount to isolate the factors that affect the demand and supply for gas as well as to determine their relative importance. That will ensure that the system follows some strategies in its implementation. Additionally, it is imperative to quantify the effects of such policies. 1.2.3 Frequency of utilization Some systems may remain dormant in an organization for a considerate period. Evaluating the need for the regime in the organization is proper. That serves as a method of providing direction towards the level and degree of automation as well as sophistication required in the body (Parvazeh, Harounabadi, and Naizari 2016). For instance, the development of the less sophisticated system is important for example, when the system functions less frequently in the organization. That can be on a monthly basis or even after two months. On the contrary, the sophisticated system performs the daily operations within the organization. They help in decision making as well as data procession. Building such system calls for more modern design to meet most operations within the premise. 1.2.4 Turnaround required The development of the scheme depends on the degree of efficiency that the organization will receive from the system (Bide, Balson, Mankelow and Selby 2016). That depends on various aspects such as time of delivery among others. That provides the guidelines on the degree and level of automation as well as complexity that the system should possess. That acts as the guidelines during the development of the system and ensures that their system benefits the organization since it will serve the intended purpose. The system should provide for quick turnaround monthly since it will multitask by performing the multi-year planning as well as the monthly tactical planning. Additionally, the developing team should account for the considerations that will minimize the data input requirements during the implementation process. 1.2.5 Cost benefit analysis Software development is one of the most expensive methods in the field of Information Technology. Hence, the organization should perform the cost-benefit analysis to ensure that they implement a new system that will help in saving costs (Ganguli and Guha Deb 2016). That should range from the processing speed as well as the ease of operation. Systems that are less sophisticated reduces the training time and cost. Hence, users that understand most of their features and start using them immediately they surface in the organization. Thus, the management should justify the new system on the issue of cost-benefit analysis and decide on the best system that will ensure that the organization achieves its ultimate goal. 1.2.6 Data processing environment The planning process of the new system is an important aspect that helps in determines the best options that will save on cost as well as time. The planning process needs some resources such as computer devices as well as enough storage to contain the organizations information. Again, the processing time signifies an important aspect of the character (Dugan, Clark, LeCun and Van Parijs 2016). The management should consider the computer environment to determine the benefits of the new system to the organization. They should make a comparison with the old regime to evaluate the success and compatibility of the new system. 1.2.7 Level of resistance The human nature is prone to resistance that erupts due to the implementation and use of a new system. Users find it hard to embrace the new regime due to the challenges that come along due to its use. They find it hard to learn most features of the new system and rather reject it since it gives them hard time understanding the various components of the system (Umble, Haft and Umble 2003). The designers should improve the interface of the scheme to ensure that it is user-friendly. That approach will enhance its usability and reduce the level of resistance within the organization. Excessive support burden has adverse consequences on the performance of the system. It makes the system lack timely reporting. Additionally, it can make the system depend on simplifying assumptions that hurt the accuracy as well as the credibility of the scheme. The system should allow for maintenance since such failure may make it fall into a state of disrepair. That will affect its usability in the organiz ation. Fig1. The diagram above illustrates the processes that the implementation should follow 1.3 Data incorporated into CGSs new system and their importance 1.3.1 Weather data This kind of data should exist in the system at the required period. They help in project heating requirements and contribute to communicating significant findings to the end users of the system. These data are useful for planning purpose since they assist in indicating the condition at any given time (Hopey 2011). That will contribute to forecast the operations of the company to avoid the frustrations that will result due to weather fluctuations. Such changes may present a significant effect on the organizations since they affect the execution of the core processes that makes the organization to achieve its core objectives. 1.3.2 Number of clients Clients signify a critical part of the team. They control merely all processes in the body since most operations aim to satisfy the customers. The team should project the number of clients monthly. On the contrary, that should not be the case when the client's growth is regular. In such a case, it is paramount to develop the client count base together with the growth factor. Additionally, it is prudent to break this aspect to ease the estimation process. For instance, the categories can include residential, industrial heating, industrial non-heating among others. The issue proves significant since it helps in the planning process, hence ensures the success of the organization. 1.3.3 Heating Factor This kind of data helps the team to achieve most of their objectives since they convert weather data to customers demand hence giving the company a competitive advantage in the market. Most importantly, the kind of data should be available for every client that depends on heating. That includes residential commercial among others. Additionally, the heat factor should not vary on any aspect such as months unless there exist a seasonal relationship between the characters. Again, it can change in situations with various trends that contain multiple dimensions such as the conservation of heat principles. 1.3.4 Customer Unit Demand That includes the order for the clients that purchase different products from the company either on small or large-scale. Containing the monthly consumption for the customers is imperative. That should add that for the commercial as well as the industrial non-heating customers. It should be either a constant or a variable over time. Additionally, it is helpful since it reflects both seasonal fluctuations and the longer-term trends. Moreover, the data assist in projecting the non-heating portion of commercial and industrial customer demand. 1.3.5 Sales forecast The primary purpose of the company is to increase sales and decrease expenditures. In fact, that is the primary goal of most organizations in different parts of the world. However, it is proper to install various ethical dimensions that will ensure that the organization operates in the best way that will preserve the environment and avoid exploiting its customers. The company should forecast the sales to the top individuals by months for the first year of the five-year plan. Moreover, the future period can utilize the annual growth rates to determine the market values. The revenue class seems important in the process. It helps in projecting the heating and non-heating sales for all the other customers. 1.3.6 Customer rate structure The structure is important when supplying the monthly rate information at the class revenue level. This date helps to communicate a lot between the management and other stakeholders that take parts in the administration of the organization. Again, these data should exist on a monthly basis to enable periodic rate changes by the revenue class. 1.3.7 Supplier contracts terms Vendors form an integral part of the company since they promote the operations within the premise. They ensure the availability of various materials and products that help in the production process. Hence, keeping their details is vital to the success of the organization. That should be different elements such as the unit cost as well as the monthly volumes. 1.3.8 Storage field capacity The management should allocate space for the storage capacity since it helps to determine the availability of the gas. Again, it helps to determine if gas remains to supplement the pipeline supply. 1.3.9 Priority system The ideas are also feasible for the entire project. It helps the company to manage most of the complicated tasks that will prove daunting and affect the success of the enterprise. Additionally, the aspect is helpful in case the organization needs to curtail service to the consumers because of the inadequacy of the supply of the gas. The requirements are as below. 1.4 Conclusion All the factors listed above are helpful for the success of the company. They help to strategize the operations of the company and to determine the feasibility of the companys plan. The first six factors contribute to establishing the demand for the gas. That also helps to acquire a wider market for the product that improves the profitability of the company. The next two items determine the supply of the product. They also play a critical role in evaluating the success factor of the product in the market. In some instance, they supply might fail to demand the application. Hence, the last items prove significant since they help to give direction on the same. The computation of the monthly demand is imperative due to the implication of the monthly variations of demand and supply. References Bide, T., Balson, P., Mankelow, J. and Selby, I., 2016. A new sand and gravel map for the UK Continental Shelf to support sustainable planning. Resources Policy, 48, pp.1-12. Cowell, R.G. ed., 2006. Probabilistic networks and expert systems: Exact computational methods for Bayesian networks. Springer Science Business Media. Dugan, P.J., Clark, C.W., LeCun, Y.A. and Van Parijs, S.M., 2016. Phase 4: DCL System Using Deep Learning Approaches for Land-Based or Ship-Based Real-Time Recognition and Localization of Marine Mammals-Distributed Processing and Big Data Applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:1605.00982. Ganguli, S.K. and Guha Deb, S., 2016. Board Composition, Ownership Structure and Firm Performance: New Indian Evidence in a Unique Regulatory Environment. Ownership Structure and Firm Performance: New Indian Evidence in a Unique Regulatory Environment (March 12, 2016). Hopey, D., 2011. Bromide: a concern in drilling wastewater. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Parvazeh, F., Harounabadi, A. and Naizari, M.A., 2016. A Recommender System for Making Friendship in Social Networks Using Graph Theory and users profile. Journal of Current Research in Science, (1), p.535. Umble, E.J., Haft, R.R. and Umble, M.M., 2003. Enterprise resource planning: Implementation procedures and critical success factors. European journal of operational research, 146(2), pp.241-257.

Stevie SmithS Not Waving But Drowning Essays -

Stevie Smith'S ?Not Waving But Drowning? Dying Softly Nobody heard him, the dead man, / but still he lay moaning: (lines 1-2). This is how many people go on through life. Many are dying inside but you would never know. It is possible for people to create masks to hide their emotions. Sometimes these masks are so deceptive that even close friends or family members cannot see through then until it is too late. In Stevie Smiths poem, Not Waving but Drowning the writer effectively highlights how someones cry for help can be mistaken for joy. It is important for people to at least have someone who cares about them and knows them well enough to see when something is going wrong in their lives. This can often be the lifeline that saves one from drowning. Recently I learned firsthand how deceptive these masks could be. Someone that I know but that I was not really close to took his own life this past week. On the outside he seemed like a happy person. He had a lot of boys and everyone seemed to know him. But could it be that something was going on inside that no one knew about? Poor chap, he always loved larking / and now hes dead / It must have been too cold for him his heart gave way, / they said.(Lines 5-9) This is how it was with his guy, everyone cold only speculate why he would kill himself because none of them knew anything except that he was a fun guy to be around. Its a shame that it takes something as drastic as suicide to make people even wonder if people have conflicts going on inside them that can be extremely detrimental to them. As the speaker states, Oh no no no, it was too cold always, / / I was to far out all my life (lines 10-12). Only a true friend would know this and like the man I referred to earlier it can be a ssumed that the man in the poem had no true friends. Many people in this world have no true friends and those that do have very few. A true friend could have seen that something was not right with this man. Perhaps the first speaker in the poem thinks that he was closer to the second then he actually was. But actually, according to the second speaker [He] was out much further than you thought / and not waving but drowning (lines 3-4). I true friend would have known the difference. Im not saying that true friends are psychic when it comes to their friends but I am saying that when you are close to someone you are able to see through their ask more easily than a casual acquaintance would. People who are dying inside usually give warning signs that something is not right with them but you often do realize it until something tragic happens. The hardest thing for friends and relatives of people who kill themselves is when they realize that the one that died ha been trying to tell them that something was wrong but they either brushed it off and disregarded it as a joke or never paid attention at all. The man in the poem was crying out for help, but those observing brushed it off as if he was waving at them. The sad thing is they never bothered to ask. If only they had asked instead of assuming, the man may not have died. It is the same with those that commit suicide. All they need is for someone to ask them whats wrong. They are begging for someone to take the rope from around their neck but instead their friends just walk on by. Every years thousands of people kill themselves and the story is all ways the same. Why didnt he/she tell me? they say. But it always hurts the most when they realize that they were trying to tell them for a long time but they chose not to listen. Yes, some people wear darker masks then others and no matter how much of a good friend you are, they wouldnt open up to you, but in most